Transistors can be thought of as the "nerve cell" of the information age. At one time they were small cylinders, slightly larger than a pencil eraser.
With the invention of the integrated circuit, or microchip, which contains thousands or millions of transistors, they have become increasingly tiny.
Their invention revolutionised electronics and made it possible to make cheaper and smaller devices, such as radios and calculators and later personal computers and smartphones.
In 1947, the first transistor shown here - now an essential part of making smaller electronic devices such as computers and phones - was demonstrated at Bell Laboratories.
In 1956 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect.
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